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{{About||the Disney films|The Little Mermaid (1989 film){{!}}''The Little Mermaid'' (1989 film)|and|The Little Mermaid (2023 film){{!}}''The Little Mermaid'' (2023 film)|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox short story <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] -->
|name = The Little Mermaid
|image = Edmund Dulac - The Mermaid - The Prince.jpg
|caption = ''The Little Mermaid'' – illustration by [[Edmund Dulac]]
|title_orig = Den lille havfrue
|translator = [[Mary Howitt]]
|author = [[Hans Christian Andersen]]
|country = Denmark
|language = [[Danish language|Danish]]
|series= 2525318047
|genre = Literary [[fairy tale]]
| published_in = ''[[Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection.]] Third Booklet. 1837. (Eventyr, fortalte for Børn. Første Samling. Tredie Hefte. 1837.)''
| publication_type = Fairy tale collection
|publisher = C. A. Reitzel
|pub_date = [[1837 in literature|7 April 1837]]
|english_pub_date = 1845
|wikisource = The Little Mermaid
|native_wikisource = Den lille Havfrue
|orig_lang_code = da
}}
"'''The Little Mermaid'''" ({{lang-da|Den lille havfrue}}), sometimes translated in English as "'''The Little Sea Maid'''",<ref>Mary Pitcairn, unpublished unique manuscript, retrieved 02/12/2023 from Abebooks.co.uk</ref> is a [[fairy tale]] written by Danish author [[Hans Christian Andersen]]. Originally published in 1837 as part of a collection of fairy tales for children, the story follows the journey of a young [[mermaid]] princess who is willing to give up her life in the sea as a mermaid to gain a human soul.
The original story has been the subject of multiple analyses by scholars such as Jacob Bøggild and Pernille Heegaard, as well as the folklorist [[Maria Tatar]]. These analyses cover various aspects of the story, from interpreting the themes to discussing why Andersen chose to write a tragic story with a happy ending. It has been adapted to various media, including musical theatre, anime, ballet, opera, and film. There is also [[The Little Mermaid (statue)|a statue]] portraying the mermaid in [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]], where the story was written and first published.
==Plot==
[[File:Page 127 illustration in fairy tales of Andersen (Stratton).png|thumb|left|The Little Mermaid and the statue]]
The Little Mermaid lives in a [[Utopian]] underwater kingdom with her father, the Sea King, her paternal grandmother, and her six older sisters, each one of them born a year apart. The Little Mermaid is fascinated by the world above the sea, and [[human beings]], and keeps a statue of a human boy in her garden in the palace. Lonely and feeling isolated from her family, she yearns to explore the world above, and constantly asks her grandmother to tell her stories of humans.
When a mermaid turns fifteen, she is permitted to swim to the surface for the first time to catch a glimpse of the world above. When the six mermaids become old enough, each of them visits the upper world one at a time every year. As each returns, the Little Mermaid listens longingly to their various descriptions of the world inhabited by human beings. The elder sisters, however, soon become jaded of the world above and are content to remain below the sea.
When the Little Mermaid's turn comes, she rises up to the surface, watches a birthday celebration being held on a ship in honor of a handsome prince, and falls in love with him from a safe distance. A violent storm then hits, sinking the ship, and the Little Mermaid saves the prince from drowning. She delivers him unconscious to the shore near a temple. Here, the Little Mermaid waits until a young woman from the temple and her [[ladies-in-waiting]] find him. To her dismay, the prince never sees the Little Mermaid or even realizes that it was she who had originally saved his life.
The Little Mermaid becomes melancholic and asks her grandmother if humans can live forever. Her grandmother explains that humans have a much shorter lifespan than mermaids (around 300 years), but that they have an eternal [[soul]] that lives on in [[heaven]], while mermaids turn to [[sea foam]] at death and cease to exist.
The Little Mermaid, longing for the prince and an eternal soul, visits the [[Witchcraft|Sea Witch]] who lives in a dangerous part of the ocean. Although the witch warns the Little Mermaid that her attempts to win the love of the prince are doomed, she willingly helps her by selling her a [[potion]] that gives her legs in exchange for her voice (her tongue), as the Little Mermaid has the most enchanting voice in the entire world. The witch warns the Little Mermaid that once she becomes a human, she will never be able to return to the sea. Consuming the potion will make her feel as if a sword is being passed through her body. When she recovers, she will have two human legs and will be able to dance as no human has ever danced before; however, the pain of losing her tail will never leave her: she will constantly feel as if she is walking on sharp knives, and her feet will bleed terribly. Moreover, she will obtain a soul only if she wins the love of the prince and marries him, for then a part of his soul will flow into her. Otherwise, at dawn on the first day after he marries someone else, the Little Mermaid will die with a broken heart and dissolve into sea foam upon the waves.
After she agrees to the arrangement, the Little Mermaid swims up to the surface near the prince's castle and drinks the potion. The liquid feels like a sword piercing her body and she passes out on the shore, naked. She is found by the prince, who is mesmerized by her beauty and grace, even though he discovers that she is [[Muteness|mute]]. Most of all, he likes to see her dance, and she dances for him despite suffering excruciating pain with every step. Soon, the Little Mermaid becomes the prince's favorite companion and accompanies him on many of his outings. As she is mute, he confides in her with his deepest thoughts and feelings—but he does not fall in love with her at all: he regards her more as a pet than a person, and has her sleep on the floor outside his bedroom door.
When the prince's parents encourage him to marry the neighboring princess in an [[arranged marriage]], the prince tells the Little Mermaid he will not because he does not love the princess. He goes on to say that he can only love the young woman from the temple, whom he believes rescued him. It turns out that the princess from the neighboring kingdom was the temple woman, as she was sent to the temple for her education. The prince declares his love for her, and the royal wedding is announced at once.
[[File:Page 139 illustration in fairy tales of Andersen (Stratton).png|thumb|The mermaid sisters give the knife to The Little Mermaid.]]
The prince and princess celebrate their new marriage aboard a wedding ship, and the Little Mermaid's heart breaks. She thinks of all that she has sacrificed and of all the pain she has endured for the prince. She despairs, thinking of the death that awaits her, but before dawn, her sisters rise out of the water and bring her a [[dagger]] that the Sea Witch has given them in exchange for their long, beautiful hair. If the Little Mermaid kills the prince and lets his blood drip on her feet, she will become a mermaid once more, all her suffering will end, and she will live out her full life in the ocean with her family. However, the Little Mermaid cannot bring herself to kill the sleeping prince lying with his new wife, and she throws the dagger and herself off the ship into the water just as dawn breaks.
Her body dissolves into foam, but instead of ceasing to exist, she feels the warm sun and discovers that she has turned into a luminous and ethereal earthbound [[Elemental|spirit]], a [[Sylph|daughter of the air]]. As the Little Mermaid ascends into the atmosphere, she is greeted by other daughters, who tell her she has become like them because she strove with all her heart to obtain an immortal soul.
Because of the Little Mermaid's sacrifice, she is given a chance to do good deeds for all her lifespan (300 years like the merpeople) and she will receive her soul and rise up into Heaven when her lifespan ends.
==Publication==
"The Little Mermaid" was written by Hans Christian Andersen in 1836 and first published by C.A. Reitzel in [[Copenhagen, Denmark|Copenhagen]] on 7 April 1837 in ''[[Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection.]]'' ({{lang-da|Eventyr, fortalte for Børn. Første Samling.}}), a collection of nine fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen.
The story was republished on 18 December 1849 as a part of ''Fairy Tales. 1850'' ({{lang-da|Eventyr. 1850|label=none}}), and again on 15 December 1862 as a part of the first volume of ''Fairy Tales and Stories'' ({{lang-da|Eventyr og Historier|label=none}}).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/vaerk/register/info_e.html?vid=16 |title=Hans Christian Andersen: The Little Mermaid |website=The Hans Christian Andersen Centre |publisher=[[University of Southern Denmark]] Department for the Study of Culture | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430071234/http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/vaerk/register/info_e.html?vid=16 |archive-date=30 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Critical response==
[[Image:Mermaid Last Page.jpg|thumb|Original manuscript, last page]]
The ending with the mermaid's death and resurrection caused debate and critique. On the fact that children are told that their good behavior will help the mermaid earn her soul more quickly, but their bad behavior will add days to her time of service, [[P. L. Travers]], author of ''[[Mary Poppins (book series)|Mary Poppins]]'' and noted folklore commentator, wrote, "a year taken off when a child behaves; a tear shed and a day added whenever a child is naughty? Andersen, this is blackmail. And the children know it and say nothing. There's magnanimity for you."<ref name="surlalune">{{cite web |title=Annotations for Little Mermaid |url=http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/littlemermaid/notes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701055542/http://surlalunefairytales.com/littlemermaid/notes.html |archive-date=1 July 2014 |website=SurLaLune Fairy Tales}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Altmann |first1=Anna E. |last2=DeVos |first2=Gail |title= Tales, Then and Now: More Folktales As Literary Fictions for Young Adults |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TK0fOeuFiA0C |year= 2001 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO#Libraries Unlimited|Libraries Unlimited]] |isbn= 1-56308-831-2 |page= 179}}</ref>
Other scholars like Jacob Bøggild and Pernille Heegaard notice the ending's shift away from tragedy as well. They point out that the events leading up to the mermaid's death should culminate in tragedy, but that the sudden twist allows the narrative to finish on a hopeful success. Bøggild and Heegaard argue that this disjointed ending was not the result of Andersen's sentimentality and religious beliefs—to which have been attributed his choice to stray from the tragic path in the rest of the narrative. Rather, a conscious choice for ambiguity stemmed from Andersen's skepticism towards idealized physical and religious symbols.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/forskning/konference/resume_e.html?id=9708 |title=Summary of Jacob Bøggild & Pernille Heegaard: "H. C. Andersens 'Den lille Havfrue' – om tvistigheder og tvetydigheder" ["Ambiguity in Hans Christian Andersen's 'The Little Mermaid'"]. |website=The Hans Christian Andersen Centre |publisher=University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404150516/http://andersen.sdu.dk/forskning/konference/resume_e.html?id=9708 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
However, other critics including Søren Baggesen and James Massengale have argued that the ending is not tacked on, but is a natural part of the story's structure as a religious narrative.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Massengale|first=James|date=1999|title=The Miracle and A Miracle in the Life of a Mermaid|url=https://andersen.sdu.dk/forskning/konference/tekst_e.html?id=10955|journal=Hans Christian Andersen. A Poet in Time. Papers from the Second International Hans Christian Andersen Conference 29 July to 2 August 1996.}}</ref> The working title of the story was "Daughters of the Air",<ref name="surlalune" /> which are spirits who, as Andersen conceived them, can earn souls by doing three hundred years' worth of good deeds. At the end of the story, one of these spirits explains to the Little Mermaid that they do as many good things for humankind as they are able so that, at the end of those years, they can receive an immortal soul and "take part in the happiness of mankind".<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2005 |title=The Little Mermaid |url=http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/littlemermaid/index.html |access-date=9 February 2017 |website=SurLaLune Fairy Tales |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023151152/http://surlalunefairytales.com/littlemermaid/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The spirits also explain that because the Little Mermaid refused to kill the Prince and has spent so much time in pain while still doing good things for men, she has "raised [herself] to the spirit-world" and can participate in the three hundred years of good deeds alongside the Daughters of the Air.
Andersen was influenced by ''[[Undine (novella)|Undine]]'', another story of a mermaid gaining a soul through marriage, but felt that his ending was an improvement. In 1837, shortly after completing his manuscript, Andersen wrote to a friend, "I have not, like de la Motte Fouqué in ''Undine'', allowed the mermaid's acquiring of an immortal soul to depend upon an alien creature, upon the love of a human being. I'm sure that's wrong! It would depend rather much on chance, wouldn't it? I won't accept that sort of thing in this world. I have permitted my mermaid to follow a more natural, more divine path."<ref>{{cite book |last=Frank |first=Jefferey |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesofhanschr0000ande/page/104 |title=The Stories of Hans Christian Andersen: A New Translation from the Danish |date=2005 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0822336938 |location=Raleigh, NC |page=[https://archive.org/details/storiesofhanschr0000ande/page/104 104]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wullschlager |first=Jackie |title=Hans Christian Andersen: The Life of a Storyteller |publisher=Knopf |year=2001 |pages=171}}</ref> Andersen was concerned that the story's meanings would appeal best to adults, but wrote in the foreword to ''Fairy Tales Told for Children,'' "I dare presume, however, that the child will also enjoy it and that the denouement itself, plainly considered, will grip the child."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johansen |first=Jørgen Dines |date=1996 |title=The Merciless Tragedy of Desire: An Interpretation of H.C. Andersen's 'Den Lille Havfrue.' |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40919857 |journal=Scandinavian Studies |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=239 |jstor=40919857 |via=JSTOR}}</ref>
==Themes and interpretations==
[[ File:'I know what you want' said the sea witch.jpg |thumb|"'I know what you want' said the sea witch", Engraving by Harry Clarke.]]
In Maria Tatar's ''The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales'', the transformation of the little mermaid from sea creature to mermaid in human form, and then to a creature of the air, is believed to reflect Andersen's constant engagement with mutability and changes in identity.<ref>Tatar, Maria, ''The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales'' (New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002), pp.308.</ref> Tatar also suggests that the Little Mermaid did not give up everything for love alone. Tatar's interpretation of the tale is one that presents a rare heroine with an investigative curiosity which is shown through the mermaid's fascination with the unknown, the forbidden, and her intent on broadening her horizons from the start. Even before she sees the prince, she displays an intense longing to visit the world above the sea through her actions such as: arranging the flowers in her garden into the shape of the sun, listening to her grandmother and sisters' stories of the surface, and peeking in through the window of the prince's cabin during his birthday celebrations. Tatar argues that the mermaid wants, above all, to explore the world and discover things that are beyond what she already knows. The world above seems larger than her own and holds a greater range of possibilities to exercise her adventurous spirit. This is demonstrated in some versions of the story when the prince has a page boy's costume made for her so that she may ride on horseback and explore the land with him. Here, her willingness to cross-dress implies a willingness to transcend gender boundaries and take risks to be able to see the world. Tatar feels this also comments on Andersen's interests in changes in identity.<ref>Tatar, Maria, ''The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales'' (New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002), pp. 305,311,315,320,323.</ref>
In her analysis, Virginia Borges concludes that the story contains a message about love and self-sacrifice, and the dangers of accepting abuse or inconsiderate treatment in the name of love.<ref>Borges, Virginia, {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080517011507/http://www.endicott-studio.com/rdrm/rrMermaids.html A Million Little Mermaids]}}, article in ''Journal of Mythic Arts'' Summer 2007, webpage found 15 May 2007.</ref>
Susan White interprets the story as the difficult [[wikt:liminal|liminal]] passage of the girl into the order of speech and social symbolism (power, politics, and agency) which is symbolically understood as masculine.<ref>White, Susan. (1993) Split Skins, Female Agency and Bodily Mutilation in The Little Mermaid. In Collins, J & Radner, H (Eds.), ''Film Theory Goes to the Movies.'' New York: Routledge.</ref>
The artist Pen Dalton has made use of Laura Mulvey's interpretation of fetishism in art to link ''The Little Mermaid'' to the wearing of fetishistic clothes, and obsessive cosmetic surgery with masculine fears of loss.<ref>Mulvey, L. (1973) ''Fears, Fantasies and the Male Unconscious or You Don't Know What is Happening, Do You Mr Jones?'' Spare Rib Magazine, reprinted in [[Laura Mulvey]], 2007, "Visual and Other Pleasures"</ref>
[[Rictor Norton]], in ''My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries'', theorizes that ''The Little Mermaid'' was written as a love letter by Hans Christian Andersen to [[Edvard Collin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Norton |first1=Rictor |title=My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/mydearboy00rict |url-access=registration |date=1998 |publisher=Leyland Publications |location=United States |isbn=0943595711}}</ref> This is based on a letter Andersen wrote to Collin, upon hearing of Collin's engagement to a young woman, around the same time that the Little Mermaid was written. Andersen wrote "I languish for you as for a pretty Calabrian wench... my sentiments for you are those of a woman. The femininity of my nature and our friendship must remain a mystery."<ref>''Hans Christian Andersen's correspondence'', ed Frederick Crawford, London. 1891</ref> Andersen also sent the original story to Collin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bookriot.com/2017/03/28/queerness-little-mermaid/|title=Queerness, Hans Christian Andersen, and The Little Mermaid|last=von Essen|first=Leah Rachel|date=28 March 2017|website=BOOK RIOT|language=en-US|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref> Norton interprets the correspondence as a declaration of Andersen's homosexual love for Collin and describes ''The Little Mermaid'' as an allegory for Andersen's life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rictornorton.co.uk/andersen.htm|title=Gay Love Letters through the Centuries: Hans Christian Andersen|last=Norton|first=Rictor|date=1998|website=Gay History & Literature: Essays by Rictor Norton|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref>
==Adaptations==
{{See also|List of The Little Mermaid adaptations}}
===NBC television series===
{{Main|Shirley Temple's Storybook}}
In 1958, [[NBC]] began airing a new television show titled ''[[Shirley Temple's Storybook]]'', an American [[Children's television series|children's]] [[anthology series]] that was hosted and narrated by actress [[Shirley Temple]]. The series features adaptations of fairy tales like Mother Goose and other family-oriented stories performed by well-known actors. The first season of sixteen black-and-white and colored episodes aired on NBC between 12 January 1958, and 21 December 1958, as ''Shirley Temple's Storybook''. Thirteen episodes of the first season [[rerun|re-ran]] on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] beginning on 12 January 1959.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xegsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gfcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4569%2C2817331|title=Shirley's Show Proves to Be Just Too Costly|author=Scott, Vernon|journal=The Bend Bulletin|date=12 January 1959|access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref> The second season of twenty-five color episodes aired on NBC as ''The Shirley Temple Show'' between 18 September 1960, and 16 July 1961 in much the same format that it had under its original title.
The show aired their adaptation of ''The Little Mermaid'' on 5 March 1961 as episode 22 during the show's second season. Shirley Temple herself played the mermaid. Unlike the original story, the mermaid does not give up her voice to become human, but she still fails to win the prince's heart when he falls in love with the princess who found him. In the end, when she cannot bring herself to kill the prince with the dagger, she prepares to throw herself into the sea. [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]] himself intervenes and says that for her selfless act, she has earned the right to become a mermaid again and rejoin her family, giving the story a happy ending.
===Soviet feature film===
{{Main|The Little Mermaid (1976 Russian film)}}
This 1976 Russian feature film was directed by Vladimir Bychkov and starred Viktoriya Novikova as the mermaid. The story is set in the 13th century. The mermaid saves the prince from drowning, after other mermaids mesmerize the sailors into crashing their ship onto the rocks. The prince is saved by a local princess under whose care he recovers. The mermaid seeks to marry the prince. A traveling handyman tries to help the mermaid in her love. He finds a local witch who changes her tail into legs in exchange for her hair. The prince marries the local princess and the mermaid is destined to die on the same day. The traveling handyman challenges the prince to a fight and is killed. His sacrifice spares the mermaid from death and her soul becomes eternal.
===Disney's animated film===
{{Main|The Little Mermaid (1989 film)}} [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney's]] ''The Little Mermaid'' is a 1989 American [[Animation|animated]] [[Musical film|musical]] [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[romance film]] produced by [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]] and distributed by [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]]. Loosely based on the original tale, the 1989 Disney film tells the story of a mermaid princess named [[Ariel (The Little Mermaid)|Ariel]], who dreams of becoming human, especially after falling in love with a human prince named [[List of Disney's The Little Mermaid characters#Prince Eric|Eric]]. Written, produced, and directed by [[Ron Clements]] and [[John Musker]], with music by [[Alan Menken]] and [[Howard Ashman]] (who also served as a co-producer), the film features the voices of [[Jodi Benson]], [[Christopher Daniel Barnes]], and [[Pat Carroll (actress)|Pat Carroll]] among others.
''The Little Mermaid'' was originally planned as part of one of [[Walt Disney]]'s earliest feature films, a proposed [[Anthology film|package film]] featuring vignettes of Hans Christian Andersen tales.<ref name=Musker2006>{{cite book |last1=Musker |first1=John |title=Audio Commentary from The Little Mermaid: Platinum Edition[DVD] |date=2006 |publisher=Walt Disney Home Entertainment}}</ref> Development started in the late 1930s but was delayed due to various circumstances.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disney's animated zombies: How classic stories are lost in reinvention|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/05/02/disneys_animated_zombies_how_classic_stories_are_lost_in_reinvention/|work=salon.com|date=3 May 2014}}</ref> In 1985, Ron Clements became interested in a film adaptation of ''The Little Mermaid'' while he was serving as a director on ''[[The Great Mouse Detective]]'' (1986).<ref name="80srewindmermaid">{{cite web|title=Making Of... The Little Mermaid Behind The Scenes|url=https://www.fast-rewind.com/making_littlemermaid.htm|work=The 80s Movies Rewind|publisher=Fast-Rewind.com|year=2009|access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref> Clements discovered the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale while browsing through a [[bookstore]].<ref name="makingofTLM" /> Believing the story provided an "ideal basis" for an animated feature film and keen on creating a film that took place underwater,<ref name="80srewindmermaid" /> Clements wrote and presented a two-page [[Film treatment|treatment]] of ''Mermaid'' to Disney CEO [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]], who approved of the idea for possible development the next day. While in production in the 1980s, the staff by chance found the original story and visual development work done by [[Kay Nielsen]] for Disney's proposed 1930s Andersen feature.<ref name=Musker2006 /> Many of the changes made by the staff in the 1930s to Hans Christian Andersen's original story were coincidentally the same as the changes made by Disney writers in the 1980s.<ref name="makingofTLM">(2006) ''Treasures Untold: The Making of Disney's 'The Little Mermaid'' [Documentary featurette]. Bonus material from ''The Little Mermaid: Platinum Edition'' DVD. Walt Disney Home Entertainment.</ref>
In 2023, the 1989 film was adapted into [[The Little Mermaid (2023 film)|a live-action remake]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=2023-05-17 |title='The Little Mermaid' Director Rob Marshall On Turning Animated Classic Into Live-Action Summer Disney Musical: Q&A |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/the-little-mermaid-director-rob-marshall-halle-bailey-animated-classic-to-live-action-film-1235370539/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Pop culture==
===''The Little Mermaid'' statue===
{{Main|The Little Mermaid (statue)}}
[[File:Copenhagen - the little mermaid statue - 2013.jpg|thumb|[[The Little Mermaid (statue)|''The Little Mermaid'' statue]] in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark]]
A [[The Little Mermaid (statue)|statue of ''The Little Mermaid'']] sits on a rock in the Copenhagen harbor in [[Langelinie]]. This small and unimposing statue is a Copenhagen icon and a major [[tourist attraction]].
The statue was commissioned in 1909 by [[Carl Jacobsen]], son of the founder of [[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg]], after he had been fascinated by a ballet based on the fairy tale. The sculptor [[Edward Eriksen]] created the statue, which was unveiled on 23 August 1913. His wife, [[Eline Eriksen]], was the model for the body. [[Ellen Price]], the ballerina who danced the Little Mermaid in the 1909 Royal Danish Ballet production, was the model for the head and face.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Little Mermaid |url=http://copenhagenpictures.dk/mermaid.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991128173940/http://copenhagenpictures.dk/mermaid.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 1999 |access-date=5 March 2019 |date=28 November 1999}}</ref> The statue has been severely vandalized several times.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4860562.stm | work=BBC News | title=Denmark may move Little Mermaid | date=30 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306142333/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4860562.stm |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In May 2010, it was moved from its Copenhagen harbor emplacement for the first time ever, for transport to [[Expo 2010]] in [[Shanghai]], where it remained until 20 November 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-11/21/c_13615669.htm |title=Copenhagen holds grand homecoming ceremony for Little Mermaid |last1=Yang |first1=Jingzhong |last2=Lu |first2=Ming'ou |date=21 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130144205/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-11/21/c_13615669.htm |archive-date=30 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===''The Little Mermaid'' statue in the Principality of Monaco===
A statue of ''The Little Mermaid'' looks out over Larvotto beach in [[Monaco]]. She was created in 2000 by Kristian Dahlgard, with several layers of metal, in homage to the Danes who live in Monaco and for the late Prince Rainier III to mark the 50th year of his reign.
==See also==
*[[Mermaids in popular culture]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Wikisource|The Little Mermaid}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.hcandersen-homepage.dk/?page_id=14955 The Little Mermaid Gallery]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100729113630/http://www.cph-visual.com/guide/the_statue_of_fhe_little_mermaid.php See photos of The Little Mermaid]
* [http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/vaerk/hersholt/TheLittleMermaid_e.html "The Little Mermaid"], Jean Hersholt's English translation
* [http://www.kb.dk/elib/lit/dan/andersen/eventyr.dsl/hcaev008.htm ''Den lille Havfrue''], original Danish text from the [[Danish Royal Library]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613170013/http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/manuskript/visning.asp?inventarnr=HCA%2FXVIII-58-A&sprog=engelsk ''Den lille havfrue''], original manuscript (Odense City Museum)
* [https://www.surlalunefairytales.com/h-r/little-mermaid/little-mermaid-tale.html Surlalune: Annotated "The Little Mermaid"], Paull's translation, with annotations, scans from six illustrated editions, and bibliography
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ya8nYOJwGqY ''The Real Haunting Tale of the Little Mermaid''], an abridged faithful narration by Sapphire Sandalo.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IeHktwS2Dk ''The Little Mermaid Full Story''], a more faithful animated narration by Little Fox.
{{Hans Christian Andersen}}
{{The Little Mermaid (Andersen)}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Little Mermaid, The}}
[[Category:1837 short stories]]
[[Category:Short stories by Hans Christian Andersen]]
[[Category:Fiction about merfolk]]
[[Category:Fiction about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Danish Culture Canon]]
[[Category:Witchcraft in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Works based on folklore]]
[[Category:Danish fairy tales]]
[[Category:False hero]]
[[Category:Fiction about human–mermaid romance]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'Is AMAZING
==Plot==
[[File:Page 127 illustration in fairy tales of Andersen (Stratton).png|thumb|left|The Little Mermaid and the statue]]
The Little Mermaid lives in a [[Utopian]] underwater kingdom with her father, the Sea King, her paternal grandmother, and her six older sisters, each one of them born a year apart. The Little Mermaid is fascinated by the world above the sea, and [[human beings]], and keeps a statue of a human boy in her garden in the palace. Lonely and feeling isolated from her family, she yearns to explore the world above, and constantly asks her grandmother to tell her stories of humans.
When a mermaid turns fifteen, she is permitted to swim to the surface for the first time to catch a glimpse of the world above. When the six mermaids become old enough, each of them visits the upper world one at a time every year. As each returns, the Little Mermaid listens longingly to their various descriptions of the world inhabited by human beings. The elder sisters, however, soon become jaded of the world above and are content to remain below the sea.
When the Little Mermaid's turn comes, she rises up to the surface, watches a birthday celebration being held on a ship in honor of a handsome prince, and falls in love with him from a safe distance. A violent storm then hits, sinking the ship, and the Little Mermaid saves the prince from drowning. She delivers him unconscious to the shore near a temple. Here, the Little Mermaid waits until a young woman from the temple and her [[ladies-in-waiting]] find him. To her dismay, the prince never sees the Little Mermaid or even realizes that it was she who had originally saved his life.
The Little Mermaid becomes melancholic and asks her grandmother if humans can live forever. Her grandmother explains that humans have a much shorter lifespan than mermaids (around 300 years), but that they have an eternal [[soul]] that lives on in [[heaven]], while mermaids turn to [[sea foam]] at death and cease to exist.
The Little Mermaid, longing for the prince and an eternal soul, visits the [[Witchcraft|Sea Witch]] who lives in a dangerous part of the ocean. Although the witch warns the Little Mermaid that her attempts to win the love of the prince are doomed, she willingly helps her by selling her a [[potion]] that gives her legs in exchange for her voice (her tongue), as the Little Mermaid has the most enchanting voice in the entire world. The witch warns the Little Mermaid that once she becomes a human, she will never be able to return to the sea. Consuming the potion will make her feel as if a sword is being passed through her body. When she recovers, she will have two human legs and will be able to dance as no human has ever danced before; however, the pain of losing her tail will never leave her: she will constantly feel as if she is walking on sharp knives, and her feet will bleed terribly. Moreover, she will obtain a soul only if she wins the love of the prince and marries him, for then a part of his soul will flow into her. Otherwise, at dawn on the first day after he marries someone else, the Little Mermaid will die with a broken heart and dissolve into sea foam upon the waves.
After she agrees to the arrangement, the Little Mermaid swims up to the surface near the prince's castle and drinks the potion. The liquid feels like a sword piercing her body and she passes out on the shore, naked. She is found by the prince, who is mesmerized by her beauty and grace, even though he discovers that she is [[Muteness|mute]]. Most of all, he likes to see her dance, and she dances for him despite suffering excruciating pain with every step. Soon, the Little Mermaid becomes the prince's favorite companion and accompanies him on many of his outings. As she is mute, he confides in her with his deepest thoughts and feelings—but he does not fall in love with her at all: he regards her more as a pet than a person, and has her sleep on the floor outside his bedroom door.
When the prince's parents encourage him to marry the neighboring princess in an [[arranged marriage]], the prince tells the Little Mermaid he will not because he does not love the princess. He goes on to say that he can only love the young woman from the temple, whom he believes rescued him. It turns out that the princess from the neighboring kingdom was the temple woman, as she was sent to the temple for her education. The prince declares his love for her, and the royal wedding is announced at once.
[[File:Page 139 illustration in fairy tales of Andersen (Stratton).png|thumb|The mermaid sisters give the knife to The Little Mermaid.]]
The prince and princess celebrate their new marriage aboard a wedding ship, and the Little Mermaid's heart breaks. She thinks of all that she has sacrificed and of all the pain she has endured for the prince. She despairs, thinking of the death that awaits her, but before dawn, her sisters rise out of the water and bring her a [[dagger]] that the Sea Witch has given them in exchange for their long, beautiful hair. If the Little Mermaid kills the prince and lets his blood drip on her feet, she will become a mermaid once more, all her suffering will end, and she will live out her full life in the ocean with her family. However, the Little Mermaid cannot bring herself to kill the sleeping prince lying with his new wife, and she throws the dagger and herself off the ship into the water just as dawn breaks.
Her body dissolves into foam, but instead of ceasing to exist, she feels the warm sun and discovers that she has turned into a luminous and ethereal earthbound [[Elemental|spirit]], a [[Sylph|daughter of the air]]. As the Little Mermaid ascends into the atmosphere, she is greeted by other daughters, who tell her she has become like them because she strove with all her heart to obtain an immortal soul.
Because of the Little Mermaid's sacrifice, she is given a chance to do good deeds for all her lifespan (300 years like the merpeople) and she will receive her soul and rise up into Heaven when her lifespan ends.
==Publication==
"The Little Mermaid" was written by Hans Christian Andersen in 1836 and first published by C.A. Reitzel in [[Copenhagen, Denmark|Copenhagen]] on 7 April 1837 in ''[[Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection.]]'' ({{lang-da|Eventyr, fortalte for Børn. Første Samling.}}), a collection of nine fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen.
The story was republished on 18 December 1849 as a part of ''Fairy Tales. 1850'' ({{lang-da|Eventyr. 1850|label=none}}), and again on 15 December 1862 as a part of the first volume of ''Fairy Tales and Stories'' ({{lang-da|Eventyr og Historier|label=none}}).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/vaerk/register/info_e.html?vid=16 |title=Hans Christian Andersen: The Little Mermaid |website=The Hans Christian Andersen Centre |publisher=[[University of Southern Denmark]] Department for the Study of Culture | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430071234/http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/vaerk/register/info_e.html?vid=16 |archive-date=30 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Critical response==
[[Image:Mermaid Last Page.jpg|thumb|Original manuscript, last page]]
The ending with the mermaid's death and resurrection caused debate and critique. On the fact that children are told that their good behavior will help the mermaid earn her soul more quickly, but their bad behavior will add days to her time of service, [[P. L. Travers]], author of ''[[Mary Poppins (book series)|Mary Poppins]]'' and noted folklore commentator, wrote, "a year taken off when a child behaves; a tear shed and a day added whenever a child is naughty? Andersen, this is blackmail. And the children know it and say nothing. There's magnanimity for you."<ref name="surlalune">{{cite web |title=Annotations for Little Mermaid |url=http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/littlemermaid/notes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701055542/http://surlalunefairytales.com/littlemermaid/notes.html |archive-date=1 July 2014 |website=SurLaLune Fairy Tales}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Altmann |first1=Anna E. |last2=DeVos |first2=Gail |title= Tales, Then and Now: More Folktales As Literary Fictions for Young Adults |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TK0fOeuFiA0C |year= 2001 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO#Libraries Unlimited|Libraries Unlimited]] |isbn= 1-56308-831-2 |page= 179}}</ref>
Other scholars like Jacob Bøggild and Pernille Heegaard notice the ending's shift away from tragedy as well. They point out that the events leading up to the mermaid's death should culminate in tragedy, but that the sudden twist allows the narrative to finish on a hopeful success. Bøggild and Heegaard argue that this disjointed ending was not the result of Andersen's sentimentality and religious beliefs—to which have been attributed his choice to stray from the tragic path in the rest of the narrative. Rather, a conscious choice for ambiguity stemmed from Andersen's skepticism towards idealized physical and religious symbols.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/forskning/konference/resume_e.html?id=9708 |title=Summary of Jacob Bøggild & Pernille Heegaard: "H. C. Andersens 'Den lille Havfrue' – om tvistigheder og tvetydigheder" ["Ambiguity in Hans Christian Andersen's 'The Little Mermaid'"]. |website=The Hans Christian Andersen Centre |publisher=University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404150516/http://andersen.sdu.dk/forskning/konference/resume_e.html?id=9708 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
However, other critics including Søren Baggesen and James Massengale have argued that the ending is not tacked on, but is a natural part of the story's structure as a religious narrative.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Massengale|first=James|date=1999|title=The Miracle and A Miracle in the Life of a Mermaid|url=https://andersen.sdu.dk/forskning/konference/tekst_e.html?id=10955|journal=Hans Christian Andersen. A Poet in Time. Papers from the Second International Hans Christian Andersen Conference 29 July to 2 August 1996.}}</ref> The working title of the story was "Daughters of the Air",<ref name="surlalune" /> which are spirits who, as Andersen conceived them, can earn souls by doing three hundred years' worth of good deeds. At the end of the story, one of these spirits explains to the Little Mermaid that they do as many good things for humankind as they are able so that, at the end of those years, they can receive an immortal soul and "take part in the happiness of mankind".<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2005 |title=The Little Mermaid |url=http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/littlemermaid/index.html |access-date=9 February 2017 |website=SurLaLune Fairy Tales |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023151152/http://surlalunefairytales.com/littlemermaid/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The spirits also explain that because the Little Mermaid refused to kill the Prince and has spent so much time in pain while still doing good things for men, she has "raised [herself] to the spirit-world" and can participate in the three hundred years of good deeds alongside the Daughters of the Air.
Andersen was influenced by ''[[Undine (novella)|Undine]]'', another story of a mermaid gaining a soul through marriage, but felt that his ending was an improvement. In 1837, shortly after completing his manuscript, Andersen wrote to a friend, "I have not, like de la Motte Fouqué in ''Undine'', allowed the mermaid's acquiring of an immortal soul to depend upon an alien creature, upon the love of a human being. I'm sure that's wrong! It would depend rather much on chance, wouldn't it? I won't accept that sort of thing in this world. I have permitted my mermaid to follow a more natural, more divine path."<ref>{{cite book |last=Frank |first=Jefferey |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesofhanschr0000ande/page/104 |title=The Stories of Hans Christian Andersen: A New Translation from the Danish |date=2005 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0822336938 |location=Raleigh, NC |page=[https://archive.org/details/storiesofhanschr0000ande/page/104 104]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wullschlager |first=Jackie |title=Hans Christian Andersen: The Life of a Storyteller |publisher=Knopf |year=2001 |pages=171}}</ref> Andersen was concerned that the story's meanings would appeal best to adults, but wrote in the foreword to ''Fairy Tales Told for Children,'' "I dare presume, however, that the child will also enjoy it and that the denouement itself, plainly considered, will grip the child."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johansen |first=Jørgen Dines |date=1996 |title=The Merciless Tragedy of Desire: An Interpretation of H.C. Andersen's 'Den Lille Havfrue.' |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40919857 |journal=Scandinavian Studies |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=239 |jstor=40919857 |via=JSTOR}}</ref>
==Themes and interpretations==
[[ File:'I know what you want' said the sea witch.jpg |thumb|"'I know what you want' said the sea witch", Engraving by Harry Clarke.]]
In Maria Tatar's ''The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales'', the transformation of the little mermaid from sea creature to mermaid in human form, and then to a creature of the air, is believed to reflect Andersen's constant engagement with mutability and changes in identity.<ref>Tatar, Maria, ''The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales'' (New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002), pp.308.</ref> Tatar also suggests that the Little Mermaid did not give up everything for love alone. Tatar's interpretation of the tale is one that presents a rare heroine with an investigative curiosity which is shown through the mermaid's fascination with the unknown, the forbidden, and her intent on broadening her horizons from the start. Even before she sees the prince, she displays an intense longing to visit the world above the sea through her actions such as: arranging the flowers in her garden into the shape of the sun, listening to her grandmother and sisters' stories of the surface, and peeking in through the window of the prince's cabin during his birthday celebrations. Tatar argues that the mermaid wants, above all, to explore the world and discover things that are beyond what she already knows. The world above seems larger than her own and holds a greater range of possibilities to exercise her adventurous spirit. This is demonstrated in some versions of the story when the prince has a page boy's costume made for her so that she may ride on horseback and explore the land with him. Here, her willingness to cross-dress implies a willingness to transcend gender boundaries and take risks to be able to see the world. Tatar feels this also comments on Andersen's interests in changes in identity.<ref>Tatar, Maria, ''The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales'' (New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002), pp. 305,311,315,320,323.</ref>
In her analysis, Virginia Borges concludes that the story contains a message about love and self-sacrifice, and the dangers of accepting abuse or inconsiderate treatment in the name of love.<ref>Borges, Virginia, {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080517011507/http://www.endicott-studio.com/rdrm/rrMermaids.html A Million Little Mermaids]}}, article in ''Journal of Mythic Arts'' Summer 2007, webpage found 15 May 2007.</ref>
Susan White interprets the story as the difficult [[wikt:liminal|liminal]] passage of the girl into the order of speech and social symbolism (power, politics, and agency) which is symbolically understood as masculine.<ref>White, Susan. (1993) Split Skins, Female Agency and Bodily Mutilation in The Little Mermaid. In Collins, J & Radner, H (Eds.), ''Film Theory Goes to the Movies.'' New York: Routledge.</ref>
The artist Pen Dalton has made use of Laura Mulvey's interpretation of fetishism in art to link ''The Little Mermaid'' to the wearing of fetishistic clothes, and obsessive cosmetic surgery with masculine fears of loss.<ref>Mulvey, L. (1973) ''Fears, Fantasies and the Male Unconscious or You Don't Know What is Happening, Do You Mr Jones?'' Spare Rib Magazine, reprinted in [[Laura Mulvey]], 2007, "Visual and Other Pleasures"</ref>
[[Rictor Norton]], in ''My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries'', theorizes that ''The Little Mermaid'' was written as a love letter by Hans Christian Andersen to [[Edvard Collin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Norton |first1=Rictor |title=My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/mydearboy00rict |url-access=registration |date=1998 |publisher=Leyland Publications |location=United States |isbn=0943595711}}</ref> This is based on a letter Andersen wrote to Collin, upon hearing of Collin's engagement to a young woman, around the same time that the Little Mermaid was written. Andersen wrote "I languish for you as for a pretty Calabrian wench... my sentiments for you are those of a woman. The femininity of my nature and our friendship must remain a mystery."<ref>''Hans Christian Andersen's correspondence'', ed Frederick Crawford, London. 1891</ref> Andersen also sent the original story to Collin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bookriot.com/2017/03/28/queerness-little-mermaid/|title=Queerness, Hans Christian Andersen, and The Little Mermaid|last=von Essen|first=Leah Rachel|date=28 March 2017|website=BOOK RIOT|language=en-US|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref> Norton interprets the correspondence as a declaration of Andersen's homosexual love for Collin and describes ''The Little Mermaid'' as an allegory for Andersen's life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rictornorton.co.uk/andersen.htm|title=Gay Love Letters through the Centuries: Hans Christian Andersen|last=Norton|first=Rictor|date=1998|website=Gay History & Literature: Essays by Rictor Norton|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref>
==Adaptations==
{{See also|List of The Little Mermaid adaptations}}
===NBC television series===
{{Main|Shirley Temple's Storybook}}
In 1958, [[NBC]] began airing a new television show titled ''[[Shirley Temple's Storybook]]'', an American [[Children's television series|children's]] [[anthology series]] that was hosted and narrated by actress [[Shirley Temple]]. The series features adaptations of fairy tales like Mother Goose and other family-oriented stories performed by well-known actors. The first season of sixteen black-and-white and colored episodes aired on NBC between 12 January 1958, and 21 December 1958, as ''Shirley Temple's Storybook''. Thirteen episodes of the first season [[rerun|re-ran]] on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] beginning on 12 January 1959.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xegsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gfcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4569%2C2817331|title=Shirley's Show Proves to Be Just Too Costly|author=Scott, Vernon|journal=The Bend Bulletin|date=12 January 1959|access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref> The second season of twenty-five color episodes aired on NBC as ''The Shirley Temple Show'' between 18 September 1960, and 16 July 1961 in much the same format that it had under its original title.
The show aired their adaptation of ''The Little Mermaid'' on 5 March 1961 as episode 22 during the show's second season. Shirley Temple herself played the mermaid. Unlike the original story, the mermaid does not give up her voice to become human, but she still fails to win the prince's heart when he falls in love with the princess who found him. In the end, when she cannot bring herself to kill the prince with the dagger, she prepares to throw herself into the sea. [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]] himself intervenes and says that for her selfless act, she has earned the right to become a mermaid again and rejoin her family, giving the story a happy ending.
===Soviet feature film===
{{Main|The Little Mermaid (1976 Russian film)}}
This 1976 Russian feature film was directed by Vladimir Bychkov and starred Viktoriya Novikova as the mermaid. The story is set in the 13th century. The mermaid saves the prince from drowning, after other mermaids mesmerize the sailors into crashing their ship onto the rocks. The prince is saved by a local princess under whose care he recovers. The mermaid seeks to marry the prince. A traveling handyman tries to help the mermaid in her love. He finds a local witch who changes her tail into legs in exchange for her hair. The prince marries the local princess and the mermaid is destined to die on the same day. The traveling handyman challenges the prince to a fight and is killed. His sacrifice spares the mermaid from death and her soul becomes eternal.
===Disney's animated film===
{{Main|The Little Mermaid (1989 film)}} [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney's]] ''The Little Mermaid'' is a 1989 American [[Animation|animated]] [[Musical film|musical]] [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[romance film]] produced by [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]] and distributed by [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]]. Loosely based on the original tale, the 1989 Disney film tells the story of a mermaid princess named [[Ariel (The Little Mermaid)|Ariel]], who dreams of becoming human, especially after falling in love with a human prince named [[List of Disney's The Little Mermaid characters#Prince Eric|Eric]]. Written, produced, and directed by [[Ron Clements]] and [[John Musker]], with music by [[Alan Menken]] and [[Howard Ashman]] (who also served as a co-producer), the film features the voices of [[Jodi Benson]], [[Christopher Daniel Barnes]], and [[Pat Carroll (actress)|Pat Carroll]] among others.
''The Little Mermaid'' was originally planned as part of one of [[Walt Disney]]'s earliest feature films, a proposed [[Anthology film|package film]] featuring vignettes of Hans Christian Andersen tales.<ref name=Musker2006>{{cite book |last1=Musker |first1=John |title=Audio Commentary from The Little Mermaid: Platinum Edition[DVD] |date=2006 |publisher=Walt Disney Home Entertainment}}</ref> Development started in the late 1930s but was delayed due to various circumstances.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disney's animated zombies: How classic stories are lost in reinvention|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/05/02/disneys_animated_zombies_how_classic_stories_are_lost_in_reinvention/|work=salon.com|date=3 May 2014}}</ref> In 1985, Ron Clements became interested in a film adaptation of ''The Little Mermaid'' while he was serving as a director on ''[[The Great Mouse Detective]]'' (1986).<ref name="80srewindmermaid">{{cite web|title=Making Of... The Little Mermaid Behind The Scenes|url=https://www.fast-rewind.com/making_littlemermaid.htm|work=The 80s Movies Rewind|publisher=Fast-Rewind.com|year=2009|access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref> Clements discovered the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale while browsing through a [[bookstore]].<ref name="makingofTLM" /> Believing the story provided an "ideal basis" for an animated feature film and keen on creating a film that took place underwater,<ref name="80srewindmermaid" /> Clements wrote and presented a two-page [[Film treatment|treatment]] of ''Mermaid'' to Disney CEO [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]], who approved of the idea for possible development the next day. While in production in the 1980s, the staff by chance found the original story and visual development work done by [[Kay Nielsen]] for Disney's proposed 1930s Andersen feature.<ref name=Musker2006 /> Many of the changes made by the staff in the 1930s to Hans Christian Andersen's original story were coincidentally the same as the changes made by Disney writers in the 1980s.<ref name="makingofTLM">(2006) ''Treasures Untold: The Making of Disney's 'The Little Mermaid'' [Documentary featurette]. Bonus material from ''The Little Mermaid: Platinum Edition'' DVD. Walt Disney Home Entertainment.</ref>
In 2023, the 1989 film was adapted into [[The Little Mermaid (2023 film)|a live-action remake]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=2023-05-17 |title='The Little Mermaid' Director Rob Marshall On Turning Animated Classic Into Live-Action Summer Disney Musical: Q&A |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/the-little-mermaid-director-rob-marshall-halle-bailey-animated-classic-to-live-action-film-1235370539/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Pop culture==
===''The Little Mermaid'' statue===
{{Main|The Little Mermaid (statue)}}
[[File:Copenhagen - the little mermaid statue - 2013.jpg|thumb|[[The Little Mermaid (statue)|''The Little Mermaid'' statue]] in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark]]
A [[The Little Mermaid (statue)|statue of ''The Little Mermaid'']] sits on a rock in the Copenhagen harbor in [[Langelinie]]. This small and unimposing statue is a Copenhagen icon and a major [[tourist attraction]].
The statue was commissioned in 1909 by [[Carl Jacobsen]], son of the founder of [[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg]], after he had been fascinated by a ballet based on the fairy tale. The sculptor [[Edward Eriksen]] created the statue, which was unveiled on 23 August 1913. His wife, [[Eline Eriksen]], was the model for the body. [[Ellen Price]], the ballerina who danced the Little Mermaid in the 1909 Royal Danish Ballet production, was the model for the head and face.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Little Mermaid |url=http://copenhagenpictures.dk/mermaid.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991128173940/http://copenhagenpictures.dk/mermaid.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 1999 |access-date=5 March 2019 |date=28 November 1999}}</ref> The statue has been severely vandalized several times.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4860562.stm | work=BBC News | title=Denmark may move Little Mermaid | date=30 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306142333/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4860562.stm |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In May 2010, it was moved from its Copenhagen harbor emplacement for the first time ever, for transport to [[Expo 2010]] in [[Shanghai]], where it remained until 20 November 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-11/21/c_13615669.htm |title=Copenhagen holds grand homecoming ceremony for Little Mermaid |last1=Yang |first1=Jingzhong |last2=Lu |first2=Ming'ou |date=21 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130144205/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-11/21/c_13615669.htm |archive-date=30 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===''The Little Mermaid'' statue in the Principality of Monaco===
A statue of ''The Little Mermaid'' looks out over Larvotto beach in [[Monaco]]. She was created in 2000 by Kristian Dahlgard, with several layers of metal, in homage to the Danes who live in Monaco and for the late Prince Rainier III to mark the 50th year of his reign.
==See also==
*[[Mermaids in popular culture]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Wikisource|The Little Mermaid}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.hcandersen-homepage.dk/?page_id=14955 The Little Mermaid Gallery]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100729113630/http://www.cph-visual.com/guide/the_statue_of_fhe_little_mermaid.php See photos of The Little Mermaid]
* [http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/vaerk/hersholt/TheLittleMermaid_e.html "The Little Mermaid"], Jean Hersholt's English translation
* [http://www.kb.dk/elib/lit/dan/andersen/eventyr.dsl/hcaev008.htm ''Den lille Havfrue''], original Danish text from the [[Danish Royal Library]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613170013/http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/manuskript/visning.asp?inventarnr=HCA%2FXVIII-58-A&sprog=engelsk ''Den lille havfrue''], original manuscript (Odense City Museum)
* [https://www.surlalunefairytales.com/h-r/little-mermaid/little-mermaid-tale.html Surlalune: Annotated "The Little Mermaid"], Paull's translation, with annotations, scans from six illustrated editions, and bibliography
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ya8nYOJwGqY ''The Real Haunting Tale of the Little Mermaid''], an abridged faithful narration by Sapphire Sandalo.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IeHktwS2Dk ''The Little Mermaid Full Story''], a more faithful animated narration by Little Fox.
{{Hans Christian Andersen}}
{{The Little Mermaid (Andersen)}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Little Mermaid, The}}
[[Category:1837 short stories]]
[[Category:Short stories by Hans Christian Andersen]]
[[Category:Fiction about merfolk]]
[[Category:Fiction about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Danish Culture Canon]]
[[Category:Witchcraft in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Works based on folklore]]
[[Category:Danish fairy tales]]
[[Category:False hero]]
[[Category:Fiction about human–mermaid romance]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,28 +1,3 @@
-{{short description|1837 fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen}}
-{{About||the Disney films|The Little Mermaid (1989 film){{!}}''The Little Mermaid'' (1989 film)|and|The Little Mermaid (2023 film){{!}}''The Little Mermaid'' (2023 film)|other uses}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
-{{Infobox short story <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] -->
-|name = The Little Mermaid
-|image = Edmund Dulac - The Mermaid - The Prince.jpg
-|caption = ''The Little Mermaid'' – illustration by [[Edmund Dulac]]
-|title_orig = Den lille havfrue
-|translator = [[Mary Howitt]]
-|author = [[Hans Christian Andersen]]
-|country = Denmark
-|language = [[Danish language|Danish]]
-|series= 2525318047
-|genre = Literary [[fairy tale]]
-| published_in = ''[[Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection.]] Third Booklet. 1837. (Eventyr, fortalte for Børn. Første Samling. Tredie Hefte. 1837.)''
-| publication_type = Fairy tale collection
-|publisher = C. A. Reitzel
-|pub_date = [[1837 in literature|7 April 1837]]
-|english_pub_date = 1845
-|wikisource = The Little Mermaid
-|native_wikisource = Den lille Havfrue
-|orig_lang_code = da
-}}
-"'''The Little Mermaid'''" ({{lang-da|Den lille havfrue}}), sometimes translated in English as "'''The Little Sea Maid'''",<ref>Mary Pitcairn, unpublished unique manuscript, retrieved 02/12/2023 from Abebooks.co.uk</ref> is a [[fairy tale]] written by Danish author [[Hans Christian Andersen]]. Originally published in 1837 as part of a collection of fairy tales for children, the story follows the journey of a young [[mermaid]] princess who is willing to give up her life in the sea as a mermaid to gain a human soul.
-
-The original story has been the subject of multiple analyses by scholars such as Jacob Bøggild and Pernille Heegaard, as well as the folklorist [[Maria Tatar]]. These analyses cover various aspects of the story, from interpreting the themes to discussing why Andersen chose to write a tragic story with a happy ending. It has been adapted to various media, including musical theatre, anime, ballet, opera, and film. There is also [[The Little Mermaid (statue)|a statue]] portraying the mermaid in [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]], where the story was written and first published.
+Is AMAZING
==Plot==
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>Is AMAZING
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Plot"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Plot</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Publication"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Publication</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Critical_response"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Critical response</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Themes_and_interpretations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Themes and interpretations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Adaptations"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Adaptations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#NBC_television_series"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">NBC television series</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Soviet_feature_film"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Soviet feature film</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Disney's_animated_film"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Disney's animated film</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Pop_culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Pop culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#The_Little_Mermaid_statue"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>The Little Mermaid</i> statue</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#The_Little_Mermaid_statue_in_the_Principality_of_Monaco"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>The Little Mermaid</i> statue in the Principality of Monaco</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Plot">Plot</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/w/index.php?title=The_Little_Mermaid&action=edit&section=1"title="Edit section: Plot"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
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</h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_127_illustration_in_fairy_tales_of_Andersen_(Stratton).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Page_127_illustration_in_fairy_tales_of_Andersen_%28Stratton%29.png/220px-Page_127_illustration_in_fairy_tales_of_Andersen_%28Stratton%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="474" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Page_127_illustration_in_fairy_tales_of_Andersen_%28Stratton%29.png/330px-Page_127_illustration_in_fairy_tales_of_Andersen_%28Stratton%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Page_127_illustration_in_fairy_tales_of_Andersen_%28Stratton%29.png/440px-Page_127_illustration_in_fairy_tales_of_Andersen_%28Stratton%29.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1621" /></a><figcaption>The Little Mermaid and the statue</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Little Mermaid lives in a <a href="/wiki/Utopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian">Utopian</a> underwater kingdom with her father, the Sea King, her paternal grandmother, and her six older sisters, each one of them born a year apart. The Little Mermaid is fascinated by the world above the sea, and <a href="/wiki/Human_beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Human beings">human beings</a>, and keeps a statue of a human boy in her garden in the palace. Lonely and feeling isolated from her family, she yearns to explore the world above, and constantly asks her grandmother to tell her stories of humans.
</p><p>When a mermaid turns fifteen, she is permitted to swim to the surface for the first time to catch a glimpse of the world above. When the six mermaids become old enough, each of them visits the upper world one at a time every year. As each returns, the Little Mermaid listens longingly to their various descriptions of the world inhabited by human beings. The elder sisters, however, soon become jaded of the world above and are content to remain below the sea.
</p><p>When the Little Mermaid's turn comes, she rises up to the surface, watches a birthday celebration being held on a ship in honor of a handsome prince, and falls in love with him from a safe distance. A violent storm then hits, sinking the ship, and the Little Mermaid saves the prince from drowning. She delivers him unconscious to the shore near a temple. Here, the Little Mermaid waits until a young woman from the temple and her <a href="/wiki/Ladies-in-waiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladies-in-waiting">ladies-in-waiting</a> find him. To her dismay, the prince never sees the Little Mermaid or even realizes that it was she who had originally saved his life.
</p><p>The Little Mermaid becomes melancholic and asks her grandmother if humans can live forever. Her grandmother explains that humans have a much shorter lifespan than mermaids (around 300 years), but that they have an eternal <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> that lives on in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>, while mermaids turn to <a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">sea foam</a> at death and cease to exist.
</p><p>The Little Mermaid, longing for the prince and an eternal soul, visits the <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Sea Witch</a> who lives in a dangerous part of the ocean. Although the witch warns the Little Mermaid that her attempts to win the love of the prince are doomed, she willingly helps her by selling her a <a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">potion</a> that gives her legs in exchange for her voice (her tongue), as the Little Mermaid has the most enchanting voice in the entire world. The witch warns the Little Mermaid that once she becomes a human, she will never be able to return to the sea. Consuming the potion will make her feel as if a sword is being passed through her body. When she recovers, she will have two human legs and will be able to dance as no human has ever danced before; however, the pain of losing her tail will never leave her: she will constantly feel as if she is walking on sharp knives, and her feet will bleed terribly. Moreover, she will obtain a soul only if she wins the love of the prince and marries him, for then a part of his soul will flow into her. Otherwise, at dawn on the first day after he marries someone else, the Little Mermaid will die with a broken heart and dissolve into sea foam upon the waves.
</p><p>After she agrees to the arrangement, the Little Mermaid swims up to the surface near the prince's castle and drinks the potion. The liquid feels like a sword piercing her body and she passes out on the shore, naked. She is found by the prince, who is mesmerized by her beauty and grace, even though he discovers that she is <a href="/wiki/Muteness" title="Muteness">mute</a>. Most of all, he likes to see her dance, and she dances for him despite suffering excruciating pain with every step. Soon, the Little Mermaid becomes the prince's favorite companion and accompanies him on many of his outings. As she is mute, he confides in her with his deepest thoughts and feelings—but he does not fall in love with her at all: he regards her more as a pet than a person, and has her sleep on the floor outside his bedroom door.
</p><p>When the prince's parents encourage him to marry the neighboring princess in an <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriage</a>, the prince tells the Little Mermaid he will not because he does not love the princess. He goes on to say that he can only love the young woman from the temple, whom he believes rescued him. It turns out that the princess from the neighboring kingdom was the temple woman, as she was sent to the temple for her education. The prince declares his love for her, and the royal wedding is announced at once.
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_139_illustration_in_fairy_tales_of_Andersen_(Stratton).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Page_139_illustration_in_fairy_tales_of_Andersen_%28Stratton%29.png/220px-Page_139_illustration_in_fairy_tales_of_Andersen_%28Stratton%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Page_139_illustration_in_fairy_tales_of_Andersen_%28Stratton%29.png/330px-Page_139_illustration_in_fairy_tales_of_Andersen_%28Stratton%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Page_139_illustration_in_fairy_tales_of_Andersen_%28Stratton%29.png/440px-Page_139_illustration_in_fairy_tales_of_Andersen_%28Stratton%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="1749" /></a><figcaption>The mermaid sisters give the knife to The Little Mermaid.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The prince and princess celebrate their new marriage aboard a wedding ship, and the Little Mermaid's heart breaks. She thinks of all that she has sacrificed and of all the pain she has endured for the prince. She despairs, thinking of the death that awaits her, but before dawn, her sisters rise out of the water and bring her a <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">dagger</a> that the Sea Witch has given them in exchange for their long, beautiful hair. If the Little Mermaid kills the prince and lets his blood drip on her feet, she will become a mermaid once more, all her suffering will end, and she will live out her full life in the ocean with her family. However, the Little Mermaid cannot bring herself to kill the sleeping prince lying with his new wife, and she throws the dagger and herself off the ship into the water just as dawn breaks.
</p><p>Her body dissolves into foam, but instead of ceasing to exist, she feels the warm sun and discovers that she has turned into a luminous and ethereal earthbound <a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">spirit</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sylph" title="Sylph">daughter of the air</a>. As the Little Mermaid ascends into the atmosphere, she is greeted by other daughters, who tell her she has become like them because she strove with all her heart to obtain an immortal soul.
</p><p>Because of the Little Mermaid's sacrifice, she is given a chance to do good deeds for all her lifespan (300 years like the merpeople) and she will receive her soul and rise up into Heaven when her lifespan ends.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Publication">Publication</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>"The Little Mermaid" was written by Hans Christian Andersen in 1836 and first published by C.A. Reitzel in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen,_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen, Denmark">Copenhagen</a> on 7 April 1837 in <i><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Tales_Told_for_Children._First_Collection." title="Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection.">Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection.</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">Eventyr, fortalte for Børn. Første Samling.</i>), a collection of nine fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen.
</p><p>The story was republished on 18 December 1849 as a part of <i>Fairy Tales. 1850</i> (<span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Eventyr. 1850</i></span>), and again on 15 December 1862 as a part of the first volume of <i>Fairy Tales and Stories</i> (<span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Eventyr og Historier</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Critical_response">Critical response</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mermaid_Last_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mermaid_Last_Page.jpg/220px-Mermaid_Last_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mermaid_Last_Page.jpg/330px-Mermaid_Last_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mermaid_Last_Page.jpg/440px-Mermaid_Last_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>Original manuscript, last page</figcaption></figure>
<p>The ending with the mermaid's death and resurrection caused debate and critique. On the fact that children are told that their good behavior will help the mermaid earn her soul more quickly, but their bad behavior will add days to her time of service, <a href="/wiki/P._L._Travers" title="P. L. Travers">P. L. Travers</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(book_series)" title="Mary Poppins (book series)">Mary Poppins</a></i> and noted folklore commentator, wrote, "a year taken off when a child behaves; a tear shed and a day added whenever a child is naughty? Andersen, this is blackmail. And the children know it and say nothing. There's magnanimity for you."<sup id="cite_ref-surlalune_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surlalune-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other scholars like Jacob Bøggild and Pernille Heegaard notice the ending's shift away from tragedy as well. They point out that the events leading up to the mermaid's death should culminate in tragedy, but that the sudden twist allows the narrative to finish on a hopeful success. Bøggild and Heegaard argue that this disjointed ending was not the result of Andersen's sentimentality and religious beliefs—to which have been attributed his choice to stray from the tragic path in the rest of the narrative. Rather, a conscious choice for ambiguity stemmed from Andersen's skepticism towards idealized physical and religious symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>However, other critics including Søren Baggesen and James Massengale have argued that the ending is not tacked on, but is a natural part of the story's structure as a religious narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> The working title of the story was "Daughters of the Air",<sup id="cite_ref-surlalune_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surlalune-2">[2]</a></sup> which are spirits who, as Andersen conceived them, can earn souls by doing three hundred years' worth of good deeds. At the end of the story, one of these spirits explains to the Little Mermaid that they do as many good things for humankind as they are able so that, at the end of those years, they can receive an immortal soul and "take part in the happiness of mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> The spirits also explain that because the Little Mermaid refused to kill the Prince and has spent so much time in pain while still doing good things for men, she has "raised [herself] to the spirit-world" and can participate in the three hundred years of good deeds alongside the Daughters of the Air.
</p><p>Andersen was influenced by <i><a href="/wiki/Undine_(novella)" title="Undine (novella)">Undine</a></i>, another story of a mermaid gaining a soul through marriage, but felt that his ending was an improvement. In 1837, shortly after completing his manuscript, Andersen wrote to a friend, "I have not, like de la Motte Fouqué in <i>Undine</i>, allowed the mermaid's acquiring of an immortal soul to depend upon an alien creature, upon the love of a human being. I'm sure that's wrong! It would depend rather much on chance, wouldn't it? I won't accept that sort of thing in this world. I have permitted my mermaid to follow a more natural, more divine path."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Andersen was concerned that the story's meanings would appeal best to adults, but wrote in the foreword to <i>Fairy Tales Told for Children,</i> "I dare presume, however, that the child will also enjoy it and that the denouement itself, plainly considered, will grip the child."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Themes_and_interpretations">Themes and interpretations</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27I_know_what_you_want%27_said_the_sea_witch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%27I_know_what_you_want%27_said_the_sea_witch.jpg/220px-%27I_know_what_you_want%27_said_the_sea_witch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%27I_know_what_you_want%27_said_the_sea_witch.jpg/330px-%27I_know_what_you_want%27_said_the_sea_witch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%27I_know_what_you_want%27_said_the_sea_witch.jpg/440px-%27I_know_what_you_want%27_said_the_sea_witch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2241" data-file-height="3229" /></a><figcaption>"'I know what you want' said the sea witch", Engraving by Harry Clarke.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In Maria Tatar's <i>The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales</i>, the transformation of the little mermaid from sea creature to mermaid in human form, and then to a creature of the air, is believed to reflect Andersen's constant engagement with mutability and changes in identity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Tatar also suggests that the Little Mermaid did not give up everything for love alone. Tatar's interpretation of the tale is one that presents a rare heroine with an investigative curiosity which is shown through the mermaid's fascination with the unknown, the forbidden, and her intent on broadening her horizons from the start. Even before she sees the prince, she displays an intense longing to visit the world above the sea through her actions such as: arranging the flowers in her garden into the shape of the sun, listening to her grandmother and sisters' stories of the surface, and peeking in through the window of the prince's cabin during his birthday celebrations. Tatar argues that the mermaid wants, above all, to explore the world and discover things that are beyond what she already knows. The world above seems larger than her own and holds a greater range of possibilities to exercise her adventurous spirit. This is demonstrated in some versions of the story when the prince has a page boy's costume made for her so that she may ride on horseback and explore the land with him. Here, her willingness to cross-dress implies a willingness to transcend gender boundaries and take risks to be able to see the world. Tatar feels this also comments on Andersen's interests in changes in identity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>In her analysis, Virginia Borges concludes that the story contains a message about love and self-sacrifice, and the dangers of accepting abuse or inconsiderate treatment in the name of love.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Susan White interprets the story as the difficult <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/liminal" class="extiw" title="wikt:liminal">liminal</a> passage of the girl into the order of speech and social symbolism (power, politics, and agency) which is symbolically understood as masculine.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>The artist Pen Dalton has made use of Laura Mulvey's interpretation of fetishism in art to link <i>The Little Mermaid</i> to the wearing of fetishistic clothes, and obsessive cosmetic surgery with masculine fears of loss.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Rictor_Norton" title="Rictor Norton">Rictor Norton</a>, in <i>My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries</i>, theorizes that <i>The Little Mermaid</i> was written as a love letter by Hans Christian Andersen to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edvard_Collin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edvard Collin (page does not exist)">Edvard Collin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> This is based on a letter Andersen wrote to Collin, upon hearing of Collin's engagement to a young woman, around the same time that the Little Mermaid was written. Andersen wrote "I languish for you as for a pretty Calabrian wench... my sentiments for you are those of a woman. The femininity of my nature and our friendship must remain a mystery."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Andersen also sent the original story to Collin.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Norton interprets the correspondence as a declaration of Andersen's homosexual love for Collin and describes <i>The Little Mermaid</i> as an allegory for Andersen's life.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Adaptations">Adaptations</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Little_Mermaid_adaptations" title="List of The Little Mermaid adaptations">List of The Little Mermaid adaptations</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="NBC_television_series">NBC television series</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple%27s_Storybook" title="Shirley Temple's Storybook">Shirley Temple's Storybook</a></div>
<p>In 1958, <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> began airing a new television show titled <i><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple%27s_Storybook" title="Shirley Temple's Storybook">Shirley Temple's Storybook</a></i>, an American <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">children's</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthology_series" title="Anthology series">anthology series</a> that was hosted and narrated by actress <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a>. The series features adaptations of fairy tales like Mother Goose and other family-oriented stories performed by well-known actors. The first season of sixteen black-and-white and colored episodes aired on NBC between 12 January 1958, and 21 December 1958, as <i>Shirley Temple's Storybook</i>. Thirteen episodes of the first season <a href="/wiki/Rerun" title="Rerun">re-ran</a> on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> beginning on 12 January 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> The second season of twenty-five color episodes aired on NBC as <i>The Shirley Temple Show</i> between 18 September 1960, and 16 July 1961 in much the same format that it had under its original title.
</p><p>The show aired their adaptation of <i>The Little Mermaid</i> on 5 March 1961 as episode 22 during the show's second season. Shirley Temple herself played the mermaid. Unlike the original story, the mermaid does not give up her voice to become human, but she still fails to win the prince's heart when he falls in love with the princess who found him. In the end, when she cannot bring herself to kill the prince with the dagger, she prepares to throw herself into the sea. <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> himself intervenes and says that for her selfless act, she has earned the right to become a mermaid again and rejoin her family, giving the story a happy ending.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Soviet_feature_film">Soviet feature film</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1976_Russian_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1976 Russian film)">The Little Mermaid (1976 Russian film)</a></div>
<p>This 1976 Russian feature film was directed by Vladimir Bychkov and starred Viktoriya Novikova as the mermaid. The story is set in the 13th century. The mermaid saves the prince from drowning, after other mermaids mesmerize the sailors into crashing their ship onto the rocks. The prince is saved by a local princess under whose care he recovers. The mermaid seeks to marry the prince. A traveling handyman tries to help the mermaid in her love. He finds a local witch who changes her tail into legs in exchange for her hair. The prince marries the local princess and the mermaid is destined to die on the same day. The traveling handyman challenges the prince to a fight and is killed. His sacrifice spares the mermaid from death and her soul becomes eternal.
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<h3><span id="Disney.27s_animated_film"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Disney's_animated_film">Disney's animated film</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid (1989 film)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Disney's</a> <i>The Little Mermaid</i> is a 1989 American <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animated</a> <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical</a> <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">fantasy</a> <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance film</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Feature Animation</a> and distributed by <a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Pictures_Distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buena Vista Pictures Distribution">Buena Vista Pictures Distribution</a>. Loosely based on the original tale, the 1989 Disney film tells the story of a mermaid princess named <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(The_Little_Mermaid)" title="Ariel (The Little Mermaid)">Ariel</a>, who dreams of becoming human, especially after falling in love with a human prince named <a href="/wiki/List_of_Disney%27s_The_Little_Mermaid_characters#Prince_Eric" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Disney's The Little Mermaid characters">Eric</a>. Written, produced, and directed by <a href="/wiki/Ron_Clements" title="Ron Clements">Ron Clements</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Musker" title="John Musker">John Musker</a>, with music by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Menken" title="Alan Menken">Alan Menken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Ashman" title="Howard Ashman">Howard Ashman</a> (who also served as a co-producer), the film features the voices of <a href="/wiki/Jodi_Benson" title="Jodi Benson">Jodi Benson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Daniel_Barnes" title="Christopher Daniel Barnes">Christopher Daniel Barnes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Carroll_(actress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Carroll (actress)">Pat Carroll</a> among others.
</p><p><i>The Little Mermaid</i> was originally planned as part of one of <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>'s earliest feature films, a proposed <a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">package film</a> featuring vignettes of Hans Christian Andersen tales.<sup id="cite_ref-Musker2006_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musker2006-20">[20]</a></sup> Development started in the late 1930s but was delayed due to various circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> In 1985, Ron Clements became interested in a film adaptation of <i>The Little Mermaid</i> while he was serving as a director on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Mouse_Detective" title="The Great Mouse Detective">The Great Mouse Detective</a></i> (1986).<sup id="cite_ref-80srewindmermaid_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80srewindmermaid-22">[22]</a></sup> Clements discovered the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale while browsing through a <a href="/wiki/Bookstore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookstore">bookstore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-makingofTLM_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makingofTLM-23">[23]</a></sup> Believing the story provided an "ideal basis" for an animated feature film and keen on creating a film that took place underwater,<sup id="cite_ref-80srewindmermaid_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80srewindmermaid-22">[22]</a></sup> Clements wrote and presented a two-page <a href="/wiki/Film_treatment" title="Film treatment">treatment</a> of <i>Mermaid</i> to Disney CEO <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg" title="Jeffrey Katzenberg">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a>, who approved of the idea for possible development the next day. While in production in the 1980s, the staff by chance found the original story and visual development work done by <a href="/wiki/Kay_Nielsen" title="Kay Nielsen">Kay Nielsen</a> for Disney's proposed 1930s Andersen feature.<sup id="cite_ref-Musker2006_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musker2006-20">[20]</a></sup> Many of the changes made by the staff in the 1930s to Hans Christian Andersen's original story were coincidentally the same as the changes made by Disney writers in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-makingofTLM_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makingofTLM-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2023, the 1989 film was adapted into <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(2023_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (2023 film)">a live-action remake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Pop_culture">Pop culture</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Little_Mermaid_statue"><i>The Little Mermaid</i> statue</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(statue)" title="The Little Mermaid (statue)">The Little Mermaid (statue)</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copenhagen_-_the_little_mermaid_statue_-_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Copenhagen_-_the_little_mermaid_statue_-_2013.jpg/220px-Copenhagen_-_the_little_mermaid_statue_-_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Copenhagen_-_the_little_mermaid_statue_-_2013.jpg/330px-Copenhagen_-_the_little_mermaid_statue_-_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Copenhagen_-_the_little_mermaid_statue_-_2013.jpg/440px-Copenhagen_-_the_little_mermaid_statue_-_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(statue)" title="The Little Mermaid (statue)"><i>The Little Mermaid</i> statue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark</figcaption></figure>
<p>A <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(statue)" title="The Little Mermaid (statue)">statue of <i>The Little Mermaid</i></a> sits on a rock in the Copenhagen harbor in <a href="/wiki/Langelinie" title="Langelinie">Langelinie</a>. This small and unimposing statue is a Copenhagen icon and a major <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attraction</a>.
</p><p>The statue was commissioned in 1909 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jacobsen" title="Carl Jacobsen">Carl Jacobsen</a>, son of the founder of <a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_Group" title="Carlsberg Group">Carlsberg</a>, after he had been fascinated by a ballet based on the fairy tale. The sculptor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Eriksen" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Eriksen">Edward Eriksen</a> created the statue, which was unveiled on 23 August 1913. His wife, <a href="/wiki/Eline_Eriksen" title="Eline Eriksen">Eline Eriksen</a>, was the model for the body. <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Price" title="Ellen Price">Ellen Price</a>, the ballerina who danced the Little Mermaid in the 1909 Royal Danish Ballet production, was the model for the head and face.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> The statue has been severely vandalized several times.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2010, it was moved from its Copenhagen harbor emplacement for the first time ever, for transport to <a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">Expo 2010</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, where it remained until 20 November 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Little_Mermaid_statue_in_the_Principality_of_Monaco"><i>The Little Mermaid</i> statue in the Principality of Monaco</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>A statue of <i>The Little Mermaid</i> looks out over Larvotto beach in <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>. She was created in 2000 by Kristian Dahlgard, with several layers of metal, in homage to the Danes who live in Monaco and for the late Prince Rainier III to mark the 50th year of his reign.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaids_in_popular_culture" title="Mermaids in popular culture">Mermaids in popular culture</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/vaerk/register/info_e.html?vid=16">"Hans Christian Andersen: The Little Mermaid"</a>. <i>The Hans Christian Andersen Centre</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Denmark" title="University of Southern Denmark">University of Southern Denmark</a> Department for the Study of Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430071234/http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/vaerk/register/info_e.html?vid=16">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hans+Christian+Andersen+Centre&rft.atitle=Hans+Christian+Andersen%3A+The+Little+Mermaid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andersen.sdu.dk%2Fvaerk%2Fregister%2Finfo_e.html%3Fvid%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-surlalune-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-surlalune_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-surlalune_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/littlemermaid/notes.html">"Annotations for Little Mermaid"</a>. <i>SurLaLune Fairy Tales</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701055542/http://surlalunefairytales.com/littlemermaid/notes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SurLaLune+Fairy+Tales&rft.atitle=Annotations+for+Little+Mermaid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surlalunefairytales.com%2Flittlemermaid%2Fnotes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAltmannDeVos2001" class="citation book cs1">Altmann, Anna E.; DeVos, Gail (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TK0fOeuFiA0C"><i>Tales, Then and Now: More Folktales As Literary Fictions for Young Adults</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO#Libraries_Unlimited" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">Libraries Unlimited</a>. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56308-831-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56308-831-2"><bdi>1-56308-831-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales%2C+Then+and+Now%3A+More+Folktales+As+Literary+Fictions+for+Young+Adults&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56308-831-2&rft.aulast=Altmann&rft.aufirst=Anna+E.&rft.au=DeVos%2C+Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTK0fOeuFiA0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/forskning/konference/resume_e.html?id=9708">"Summary of Jacob Bøggild & Pernille Heegaard: "H. C. Andersens 'Den lille Havfrue' – om tvistigheder og tvetydigheder" ["Ambiguity in Hans Christian Andersen's 'The Little Mermaid'"]"</a>. <i>The Hans Christian Andersen Centre</i>. University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404150516/http://andersen.sdu.dk/forskning/konference/resume_e.html?id=9708">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hans+Christian+Andersen+Centre&rft.atitle=Summary+of+Jacob+B%C3%B8ggild+%26+Pernille+Heegaard%3A+%22H.+C.+Andersens+%27Den+lille+Havfrue%27+%E2%80%93+om+tvistigheder+og+tvetydigheder%22+%5B%22Ambiguity+in+Hans+Christian+Andersen%27s+%27The+Little+Mermaid%27%22%5D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andersen.sdu.dk%2Fforskning%2Fkonference%2Fresume_e.html%3Fid%3D9708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMassengale1999" class="citation journal cs1">Massengale, James (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andersen.sdu.dk/forskning/konference/tekst_e.html?id=10955">"The Miracle and A Miracle in the Life of a Mermaid"</a>. <i>Hans Christian Andersen. A Poet in Time. Papers from the Second International Hans Christian Andersen Conference 29 July to 2 August 1996</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hans+Christian+Andersen.+A+Poet+in+Time.+Papers+from+the+Second+International+Hans+Christian+Andersen+Conference+29+July+to+2+August+1996.&rft.atitle=The+Miracle+and+A+Miracle+in+the+Life+of+a+Mermaid&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Massengale&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandersen.sdu.dk%2Fforskning%2Fkonference%2Ftekst_e.html%3Fid%3D10955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023151152/http://surlalunefairytales.com/littlemermaid/index.html">"The Little Mermaid"</a>. <i>SurLaLune Fairy Tales</i>. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/littlemermaid/index.html">the original</a> on 23 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SurLaLune+Fairy+Tales&rft.atitle=The+Little+Mermaid&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surlalunefairytales.com%2Flittlemermaid%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2005" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Jefferey (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storiesofhanschr0000ande/page/104"><i>The Stories of Hans Christian Andersen: A New Translation from the Danish</i></a>. Raleigh, NC: Duke University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storiesofhanschr0000ande/page/104">104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822336938" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822336938"><bdi>978-0822336938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stories+of+Hans+Christian+Andersen%3A+A+New+Translation+from+the+Danish&rft.place=Raleigh%2C+NC&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0822336938&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Jefferey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoriesofhanschr0000ande%2Fpage%2F104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWullschlager2001" class="citation book cs1">Wullschlager, Jackie (2001). <i>Hans Christian Andersen: The Life of a Storyteller</i>. Knopf. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hans+Christian+Andersen%3A+The+Life+of+a+Storyteller&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wullschlager&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohansen1996" class="citation journal cs1">Johansen, Jørgen Dines (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40919857">"The Merciless Tragedy of Desire: An Interpretation of H.C. Andersen's 'Den Lille Havfrue.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Scandinavian Studies</i>. <b>68</b> (2): 239. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40919857">40919857</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Merciless+Tragedy+of+Desire%3A+An+Interpretation+of+H.C.+Andersen%27s+%27Den+Lille+Havfrue.%27&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40919857%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johansen&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rgen+Dines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40919857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tatar, Maria, <i>The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales</i> (New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002), pp.308.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tatar, Maria, <i>The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales</i> (New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002), pp. 305,311,315,320,323.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borges, Virginia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517011507/http://www.endicott-studio.com/rdrm/rrMermaids.html">A Million Little Mermaids</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, article in <i>Journal of Mythic Arts</i> Summer 2007, webpage found 15 May 2007.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, Susan. (1993) Split Skins, Female Agency and Bodily Mutilation in The Little Mermaid. In Collins, J & Radner, H (Eds.), <i>Film Theory Goes to the Movies.</i> New York: Routledge.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mulvey, L. (1973) <i>Fears, Fantasies and the Male Unconscious or You Don't Know What is Happening, Do You Mr Jones?</i> Spare Rib Magazine, reprinted in <a href="/wiki/Laura_Mulvey" title="Laura Mulvey">Laura Mulvey</a>, 2007, "Visual and Other Pleasures"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNorton1998" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Rictor (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mydearboy00rict"><i>My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries</i></a></span>. United States: Leyland Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0943595711" title="Special:BookSources/0943595711"><bdi>0943595711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Dear+Boy%3A+Gay+Love+Letters+through+the+Centuries&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Leyland+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0943595711&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Rictor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmydearboy00rict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hans Christian Andersen's correspondence</i>, ed Frederick Crawford, London. 1891</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Essen2017" class="citation web cs1">von Essen, Leah Rachel (28 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookriot.com/2017/03/28/queerness-little-mermaid/">"Queerness, Hans Christian Andersen, and The Little Mermaid"</a>. <i>BOOK RIOT</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BOOK+RIOT&rft.atitle=Queerness%2C+Hans+Christian+Andersen%2C+and+The+Little+Mermaid&rft.date=2017-03-28&rft.aulast=von+Essen&rft.aufirst=Leah+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookriot.com%2F2017%2F03%2F28%2Fqueerness-little-mermaid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNorton1998" class="citation web cs1">Norton, Rictor (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rictornorton.co.uk/andersen.htm">"Gay Love Letters through the Centuries: Hans Christian Andersen"</a>. <i>Gay History & Literature: Essays by Rictor Norton</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gay+History+%26+Literature%3A+Essays+by+Rictor+Norton&rft.atitle=Gay+Love+Letters+through+the+Centuries%3A+Hans+Christian+Andersen&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Rictor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frictornorton.co.uk%2Fandersen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFScott,_Vernon1959" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Vernon (12 January 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xegsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gfcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4569%2C2817331">"Shirley's Show Proves to Be Just Too Costly"</a>. <i>The Bend Bulletin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bend+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Shirley%27s+Show+Proves+to+Be+Just+Too+Costly&rft.date=1959-01-12&rft.au=Scott%2C+Vernon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DxegsAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DgfcDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4569%252C2817331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Musker2006-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Musker2006_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musker2006_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMusker2006" class="citation book cs1">Musker, John (2006). <i>Audio Commentary from The Little Mermaid: Platinum Edition[DVD]</i>. Walt Disney Home Entertainment.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Audio+Commentary+from+The+Little+Mermaid%3A+Platinum+Edition%5BDVD%5D&rft.pub=Walt+Disney+Home+Entertainment&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Musker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2014/05/02/disneys_animated_zombies_how_classic_stories_are_lost_in_reinvention/">"Disney's animated zombies: How classic stories are lost in reinvention"</a>. <i>salon.com</i>. 3 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=salon.com&rft.atitle=Disney%27s+animated+zombies%3A+How+classic+stories+are+lost+in+reinvention&rft.date=2014-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2014%2F05%2F02%2Fdisneys_animated_zombies_how_classic_stories_are_lost_in_reinvention%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80srewindmermaid-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-80srewindmermaid_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80srewindmermaid_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fast-rewind.com/making_littlemermaid.htm">"Making Of... The Little Mermaid Behind The Scenes"</a>. <i>The 80s Movies Rewind</i>. Fast-Rewind.com. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+80s+Movies+Rewind&rft.atitle=Making+Of...+The+Little+Mermaid+Behind+The+Scenes&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fast-rewind.com%2Fmaking_littlemermaid.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-makingofTLM-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-makingofTLM_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-makingofTLM_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(2006) <i>Treasures Untold: The Making of Disney's 'The Little Mermaid</i> [Documentary featurette]. Bonus material from <i>The Little Mermaid: Platinum Edition</i> DVD. Walt Disney Home Entertainment.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2023" class="citation web cs1">Fleming, Mike Jr. (2023-05-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2023/05/the-little-mermaid-director-rob-marshall-halle-bailey-animated-classic-to-live-action-film-1235370539/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Little Mermaid' Director Rob Marshall On Turning Animated Classic Into Live-Action Summer Disney Musical: Q&A"</a>. <i>Deadline</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline&rft.atitle=%27The+Little+Mermaid%27+Director+Rob+Marshall+On+Turning+Animated+Classic+Into+Live-Action+Summer+Disney+Musical%3A+Q%26A&rft.date=2023-05-17&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Mike+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2023%2F05%2Fthe-little-mermaid-director-rob-marshall-halle-bailey-animated-classic-to-live-action-film-1235370539%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991128173940/http://copenhagenpictures.dk/mermaid.html">"The Little Mermaid"</a>. 28 November 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copenhagenpictures.dk/mermaid.html">the original</a> on 28 November 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Little+Mermaid&rft.date=1999-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcopenhagenpictures.dk%2Fmermaid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4860562.stm">"Denmark may move Little Mermaid"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 30 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306142333/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4860562.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Denmark+may+move+Little+Mermaid&rft.date=2006-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4860562.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYangLu2010" class="citation news cs1">Yang, Jingzhong; Lu, Ming'ou (21 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130144205/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-11/21/c_13615669.htm">"Copenhagen holds grand homecoming ceremony for Little Mermaid"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-11/21/c_13615669.htm">the original</a> on 30 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Copenhagen+holds+grand+homecoming+ceremony+for+Little+Mermaid&rft.date=2010-11-21&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jingzhong&rft.au=Lu%2C+Ming%27ou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish2010%2Fculture%2F2010-11%2F21%2Fc_13615669.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Little+Mermaid" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Little Mermaid">The Little Mermaid</a></b></div></div></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Little_Mermaid" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:The Little Mermaid">The Little Mermaid</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcandersen-homepage.dk/?page_id=14955">The Little Mermaid Gallery</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100729113630/http://www.cph-visual.com/guide/the_statue_of_fhe_little_mermaid.php">See photos of The Little Mermaid</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/vaerk/hersholt/TheLittleMermaid_e.html">"The Little Mermaid"</a>, Jean Hersholt's English translation</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.dk/elib/lit/dan/andersen/eventyr.dsl/hcaev008.htm"><i>Den lille Havfrue</i></a>, original Danish text from the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Royal_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Royal Library">Danish Royal Library</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613170013/http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/manuskript/visning.asp?inventarnr=HCA%2FXVIII-58-A&sprog=engelsk"><i>Den lille havfrue</i></a>, original manuscript (Odense City Museum)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surlalunefairytales.com/h-r/little-mermaid/little-mermaid-tale.html">Surlalune: Annotated "The Little Mermaid"</a>, Paull's translation, with annotations, scans from six illustrated editions, and bibliography</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ya8nYOJwGqY"><i>The Real Haunting Tale of the Little Mermaid</i></a>, an abridged faithful narration by Sapphire Sandalo.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IeHktwS2Dk"><i>The Little Mermaid Full Story</i></a>, a more faithful animated narration by Little Fox.</li></ul>
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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Template talk:Hans Christian Andersen"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hans Christian Andersen"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hans_Christian_Andersen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen_bibliography" title="Hans Christian Andersen bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Tales_Told_for_Children._First_Collection." title="Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection.">Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection.</a></i> (1835–1837)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Tales_Told_for_Children._New_Collection" title="Fairy Tales Told for Children. New Collection">Fairy Tales Told for Children. New Collection</a></i> (1838–1841)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Fairy_Tales._First_Volume" title="New Fairy Tales. First Volume">New Fairy Tales. First Volume</a></i> (1843–1845)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Angel_(fairy_tale)" title="The Angel (fairy tale)">The Angel</a>" (1843)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Blockhead_Hans" title="Blockhead Hans">Blockhead Hans</a>" (1855)</li>
<li>"The Elf Mound" (1845)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a>" (1837)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Fir-Tree" title="The Fir-Tree">The Fir-Tree</a>" (1844)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Trunk" title="The Flying Trunk">The Flying Trunk</a>" (1839)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Galoshes_of_Fortune" title="The Galoshes of Fortune">The Galoshes of Fortune</a>" (1838)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Paradise" title="The Garden of Paradise">The Garden of Paradise</a>" (1839)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Goblin_and_the_Grocer" title="The Goblin and the Grocer">The Goblin and the Grocer</a>" (1852)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Golden_Treasure" title="Golden Treasure">Golden Treasure</a>" (1865)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ice-Maiden" title="The Ice-Maiden">The Ice-Maiden</a>" (1861)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Little_Claus_and_Big_Claus" title="Little Claus and Big Claus">Little Claus and Big Claus</a>" (1835)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Match_Girl" title="The Little Match Girl">The Little Match Girl</a>" (1845)</li>
<li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Little Mermaid</a>" (1837)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Most_Incredible_Thing" title="The Most Incredible Thing">The Most Incredible Thing</a>" (1870)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Nightingale_(fairy_tale)" title="The Nightingale (fairy tale)">The Nightingale</a>" (1843)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Ole_Lukoie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ole Lukoie">Ole Lukoie</a>" (1841)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Pea" title="The Princess and the Pea">The Princess and the Pea</a>" (1835)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Red_Shoes_(fairy_tale)" title="The Red Shoes (fairy tale)">The Red Shoes</a>" (1845)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_(fairy_tale)" title="The Shadow (fairy tale)">The Shadow</a>" (1847)</li>
<li>"The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep" (1845)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Snow_Queen" title="The Snow Queen">The Snow Queen</a>" (1844)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Snowman_(fairy_tale)" title="The Snowman (fairy tale)">The Snowman</a>" (1861)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Steadfast_Tin_Soldier" title="The Steadfast Tin Soldier">The Steadfast Tin Soldier</a>" (1838)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_a_Mother" title="The Story of a Mother">The Story of a Mother</a>" (1847)</li>
<li>"The Sweethearts; or, The Top and the Ball" (1843)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Swineherd" title="The Swineherd">The Swineherd</a>" (1841)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tallow_Candle" title="The Tallow Candle">The Tallow Candle</a>" (1820s)</li>
<li>"The Teapot" (1863)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Thumbelina" title="Thumbelina">Thumbelina</a>" (1835)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tinderbox" title="The Tinderbox">The Tinderbox</a>" (1835)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Travelling_Companion" title="The Travelling Companion">The Travelling Companion</a>" (1835)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ugly_Duckling" title="The Ugly Duckling">The Ugly Duckling</a>" (1843)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Gudbrand_on_the_Hill-side" title="Gudbrand on the Hill-side">What the Old Man Does is Always Right</a>" (1861)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Wicked_Prince" title="The Wicked Prince">The Wicked Prince</a>" (1840)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Swans" title="The Wild Swans">The Wild Swans</a>" (1838)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Improvisatore" title="The Improvisatore">The Improvisatore</a></i> (1835)</li>
<li><i>O.T</i> (1836)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Baronesses" title="The Two Baronesses">The Two Baronesses</a></i> (1848)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays, operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liden_Kirsten" title="Liden Kirsten">Little Kirsten</a></i> (1846)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/When_the_Spaniards_Were_Here" title="When the Spaniards Were Here">When the Spaniards Were Here</a></i> (1865)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems and songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Barn Jesus i en krybbe lå</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Danmark,_mit_f%C3%A6dreland" title="Danmark, mit fædreland">Danmark, mit fædreland</a></i></li>
<li><i>Hist hvor vejen slår en bugt</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christine%27s_Picture_Book" title="Christine's Picture Book">Christine's Picture Book</a></i> (art book)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works inspired by <br />Andersen's life and works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen_(film)" title="Hans Christian Andersen (film)">Hans Christian Andersen</a></i> (1952)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daydreamer_(film)" title="The Daydreamer (film)">The Daydreamer</a></i> (1966)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_of_Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="The World of Hans Christian Andersen">The World of Hans Christian Andersen</a></i> (1968)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Andersen_Monogatari_(TV_series)" title="Andersen Monogatari (TV series)">Andersen Monogatari</a></i> (1971)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fairytaler" title="The Fairytaler">The Fairytaler</a></i> (2002–2003)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen:_My_Life_as_a_Fairytale" title="Hans Christian Andersen: My Life as a Fairytale">Hans Christian Andersen: My Life as a Fairytale</a></i> (2003 miniseries)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Andersen" title="Young Andersen">Young Andersen</a></i> (2005 serial)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen_Museum" title="Hans Christian Andersen Museum">Hans Christian Andersen Museums</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pleated_Christmas_hearts" title="Pleated Christmas hearts">Pleated Christmas hearts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Children%27s_Book_Day" title="International Children's Book Day">International Children's Book Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen_Award" title="Hans Christian Andersen Award">Hans Christian Andersen Award</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen_Literature_Award" title="Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award">Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Category:Hans Christian Andersen">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hans_Christian_Andersen&#039;s_&quot;The_Little_Mermaid&quot;_(1837)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Little_Mermaid" title="Template:The Little Mermaid"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Little_Mermaid" title="Template talk:The Little Mermaid"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Little_Mermaid" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Little Mermaid"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hans_Christian_Andersen&#039;s_&quot;The_Little_Mermaid&quot;_(1837)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a>'s "<a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Little Mermaid</a>" (1837)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1968_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1968 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i> (1968)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen%27s_The_Little_Mermaid_(1975_film)" title="Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Mermaid (1975 film)">Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Mermaid</a></i> (1975)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1976_Czech_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1976 Czech film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i> (1976 Czech film)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1976_Russian_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1976 Russian film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i> (1976 Russian film)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i> (1989)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(2018_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (2018 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i> (2018)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(2023_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (2023 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i> (2023)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saban%27s_Adventures_of_the_Little_Mermaid" title="Saban's Adventures of the Little Mermaid">Adventures of the Little Mermaid</a></i> (1991)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Idle_Mermaid" title="The Idle Mermaid">The Idle Mermaid</a></i> (2014)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_Live!" title="The Little Mermaid Live!">The Little Mermaid Live!</a></i> (2019)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(statue)" title="The Little Mermaid (statue)">Statue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Little_Mermaid_adaptations" title="List of The Little Mermaid adaptations">List of adaptations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(franchise)" title="The Little Mermaid (franchise)">Disney franchise</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_II:_Return_to_the_Sea" title="The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea">The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid:_Ariel%27s_Beginning" title="The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning">The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(musical)" title="The Little Mermaid (musical)">Stage musical</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_Jr." title="The Little Mermaid Jr.">The Little Mermaid Jr.</a></i> (stage musical)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_II" title="Kingdom Hearts II">Kingdom Hearts II</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(The_Little_Mermaid)" title="Ariel (The Little Mermaid)">Ariel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_(The_Little_Mermaid)" title="Ursula (The Little Mermaid)">Ursula</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</a></i>
<ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ariel_(Once_Upon_a_Time)" title="Ariel (Once Upon a Time)">Ariel</a>"</li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lure_(2015_film)" title="The Lure (2015 film)">The Lure</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mermaid_(2016_film)" title="The Mermaid (2016 film)">The Mermaid</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rusalka_(opera)" title="Rusalka (opera)">Rusalka</a></i> (opera)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Puella_Magi_Madoka_Magica" title="Puella Magi Madoka Magica">Puella Magi Madoka Magica</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11859#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11859#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11859#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15785907t">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15785907t">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4224470-5">Germany</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/fe168b34-674c-441e-a1ca-06f651b7de42">MusicBrainz work</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/43d1d9bb-7d87-4d50-abb3-802ec29eb241">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1713142357' |
